Pashardes (1991) and Banks, Blundell and Preston (1994) use parametric methods to estimate lifetime equivalence scales. Their approaches put parametric restrictions on the differences in within-period expenditure needs across household types, the intertemporal allocation of expenditure, and the...

This paper describes a methodology for implementing bidirectional/break frequency-selective filters in cases where the data sequence is short and nonstationary. A sime method is proposed for dealing with start-up problem. The method has a firm theoretical basis and it is computationally efficient.