International economic sanctions have become increasingly important as alternatives to military conflict since the end of the Cold War. This chapter surveys various approaches to the study of economic sanctions in both the economics and international relations literatures. Sanctions may be...

Within a hierarchical firm structure, the paper details how the composition of a worker's skills and the (non) observability of a worker's ability affect wage and promotion paths. Promotion takes place over time and is not efficient, as employers seek to exploit their inside information about a...

The implications of demand and cost fluctuations, both anticipated and unanticipated, for the international distribution of industrial excess capacity are explored. Three partial equilibrium models of excess capacity and contingent protection policies which are correlated with distress on the...

Gains from trade policy reform are not distributed equally between countries, the variation in the distribution of welfare changes being particularly notable between developed and developing countries. This paper assesses , both theoretically and empirically, what factors determine the...