Employers' willingness to control costs is a critical aspect of pro-competition strategies for the health-care market. Here, we present some of the first quantitative evidence of what employers do to control health-care costs. Our sample is 44 large private and public employers in Minnesota....

This paper examines the effects of enrollment in a health maintenance organization (HMO) or a preferred provider organization (PPO) on the functional status of near-elderly adults (aged 55-64), compared to traditional fee-for-service (FFS) plans. A sample of 1306 near-elderly adults with...