This paper presents a model in which politicians can increase the probability of election by making exaggerated claims about the benefits of their own platform--referred to as positive campaigning--and by exaggerating the undesirable characteristics of their rival--i.e., negative campaigning....

As multilateral negotiations focus more on reductions and removal of non-tariff barriers (NTBs), the importance of quantifying the impact of these barriers has increased. Recent studies have derived ad valorem equivalents for NTBs for a large number of countries and/or products, but the...