How much do tax credits affect firms R&D activities? What are the mechanisms? Few empirical studies directly examine the effect of tax credit policies on firms R&D investments and the importance of financial constraints on the policy effects on R&D. This paper examines the effect of the Japanese...

To what extent does a tax credit affect firms ́R&D activity? What are the mechanisms? This paper examines the effect of R&D tax credits on firms ́R&D expenditure by exploiting the variation across firms in the changes in the eligible tax credit rate between 2000 and 2003. Estimating the...

This paper analyzes the higher-order properties of nested pseudo-likelihood (NPL) estimators and their practical implementation for parametric discrete Markov decision models in which the probability distribution is defined as a fixed point. We propose a new NPL estimator that can achieve...