minority-white income differences and the role cognitive skills play in those patterns. Some minority groups have substantially … the case of certain male groups, these differences play a significant role in explaining the observed income patterns. The … ethnic-white income gaps are, however, much smaller for women, and the literacy and numeracy variables do not have much of a …

low-income among recent immigrants in all age groups, family types, language groups, education groups, and most of the …This study uses census data to focus on low-income among immigrants, and asks a number of questions: (1) have low-income … (they have), (2) is this increase due to changes in their characteristics (e.g. education, age, source country, language etc …

groups, they ignore the distribution and concentration of income. These aspects are important for understanding the …, the distribution and concentration of income have been examined among 15 broad birthplace groups for population aged 55 … years and over. About 19% of males and 15% of females receive less than half the median income and obtain 5% and 3% of the …

In this paper, we investigate the extent to which Canadians were exposed to low income during the 1993-1996 period. Our … main findings are the following. First, while 1 in 10 Canadians live in families with low income in a given year, as many … as 1 in 5 are exposed to at least one year of low income during a 4-year interval. Second, 1 in 20 Canadians are exposed …