Mali has many characteristics of a fragile and conflict-affected state. Like many other fragile states, Mali has high population growth, which puts pressure on the country's resources, including food supplies. Gender inequality in the country is also high, with women and girls experiencing...

Global climate issues are a serious impediment to green and sustainable urban development. The purpose of this study is to explore the influence of structural change on urbanization in terms of population, energy, industry, and economics while accounting for per capita carbon emissions. In this...