We assume that the call option's value is correctly priced by Black and Scholes' option pricing model in this paper. This paper derives an exact closed-form solution for implied standard deviation under the condition that the underlying asset price equals the present value of the exercise price....

A consequence attributed to economic crises is that firms could be forced to sell at deep discounts, or fire sale prices. In addition to the wealth transfer from the shareholders of the selling firms to that of the acquiring firms, the economy may also lose when bargain hunting acquirers may not...

We examine whether social media criticisms posted by small investors can predict subsequent firm acquisition decisions. Specifically, we use textual analysis to examine the Internet stock message board postings of 303 value-reducing acquisition attempts. Our empirical evidence shows that small...

We model that firms endogenize the extent of information asymmetry by choosing the optimal level of direct communications with capital markets. We find that leaner firms with less slack (lower cash balance and higher long-term leverage) tend to have greater formal communications. We show that...

On November 8, 2002, two new exchanges, One Chicago and NQLX, were opened to trade single stock futures, the newest important derivatives in U.S. We study how these exchanges choose the products to be listed. We find their selection process is consistent with the objective of maximizing the...

Market efficiency improves for stocks that are listed on the newly established single stock futures (SSF) exchanges. After identifying information associated with large price changes, we show that the number of unexplained large stock returns decreases for SSF firms in comparison to the pre-SSF...

Conrail, nationalized in 1976 and privatized in 1987, was the most significant nationalization and privatization by the US government in recent years. It was created from six bankrupt railroads under the pressure of interest groups, formed by customers, existing claimants, employees and related...

We provide direct empirical evidence that share overvaluation is an important motive for firms to make stock acquisitions. We find that more overvalued firms are more likely to acquire with stock, and acquirers are more overvalued in successful stock mergers than in withdrawn mergers. Acquirers'...

On November 8, 2002, two new exchanges, OneChicago and NQLX, began trading single stock futures (SSFs) in U.S. We study how these exchanges choose the listed products, and we compare the trading volumes on the two exchanges. The selection process is consistent with the objective of maximizing...

We demonstrate in this study that firms that are more transparent pay less, in all components of issuance costs, to go public. We employ a sample of 334 previous leveraged buyouts and a characteristic-matched control sample to test the hypothesis that greater firm transparency before the issue...