that crude oil is not a homogenous good and that the relevant substitutability for analyzing the impact of trade sanctions … in crude oil refining resulting from sanctions. …

behavior by the agencies. Notably, rejections of VRs may lead to sanctions (temporary benefits reductions) while workers may … caseworker recorded data on VRs, sick reporting and sanctions. The analysis highlights the influence of aspects of the health …

carbon emissions. This study investigates the impact of sanctions on Iran's energy efficiency across different industrial sub …-sectors from 2015 to 2019. We compute a sanctions index for each industrial sub-sector by using Principal Component Analysis (PCA …). This index measures how much each sub-sector has been affected by sanctions. Additionally, energy efficiency is measured …

We investigate the effects of US-imposed trade sanctions on the global trade patterns of sanctioned countries by … study explores how sanctions impact trade dynamics. The results reveal that both partial and complete US sanctions lead to … significant reductions in bilateral trade between the US and target countries, with complete sanctions showing a more substantial …

Financial sanctions, which aim to economically hurt a target by restricting its access to financial assets and markets … offer secrecy ('tax havens') undermine sanctions by hiding ownership information, so far data limitations have prevented a … findings confirm that target countries evade sanctions by moving large portions of their funds from sanctioning countries to …

We examine Russian imports since a coalition of countries imposed sanctions on exports to Russia. As Russia no longer …

impose targeted measures (e.g., "smart" sanctions) that hurt the antagonist directly, and comprehensive measures (e.g., trade …

Countries increasingly form alliances to collectively impose sanctions. However, the resulting impact of such … coordination remains unclear. Analyzing the 2014 wave of sanctions against Russia over 400,000 simulations with a quantitative … welfare losses incurred from sanctions and intensified welfare losses imposed on Russia. Results also reveal significant …