Nonlinear estimation of the gravity model with Poisson/negative binomial methods has become popular to model international trade flows, as it permits a better accounting for large numbers of zero flows. Nevertheless, as trade flows are not independent of each other due to spatial...

In this paper, we distinguish three constrained variants of the gravity model of spatial interaction: doubly constrained, production constrained and attraction constrained exponential gravity models. These model variants include origin- and/or destination-specific balancing factors that act as...

The problems arising when modelling counts of rare events observed in small geographical areas when overdispersion and residual spatial autocorrelation are present or anticipated are considered. Different models are presented for handling inference in this case. The different strategies are...