Self-organizing maps (SOM) are unsupervised, competitive neural networks used to project high-dimensional data onto a low-dimensial space. In this article we show how SOM can be sued to draw graphs in the plane. The SOM-based approach to graph drawing, which belongs to the general class of...

Most duplicate genes are eliminated from a genome shortly after duplication, but those that remain are an important source of biochemical diversity. Much of their diversification arises via functional ÒspecializationÓ, loss of some functions of the duplicates remaining in the genome. I here...

As the example of Silicon Valley makes clear, the economic analysis of location--the geography of the economy--is the subfield of economics to which the typical buzzwords of complexity apply most obviously and dramatically. The spatial economy is, self-evidently, a self-organizing system...

We investigate the ability of a genetic algorithm to design cellular automata that perform computations. The computational strategies of the resulting cellular automata can be understood using a framework in which "particles" embedded in space-time configurations carry information and...

We consider circuits and expressions whose gates carry out multiplication in a non-associative algebra such as a quasigroup or loop. We define a class we call the polyabelian algebras, formed by iterated quasidirect products of Abelian groups. We show that a quasigroup can express arbitrary...

In this memo, I model the domestic banking business of Renaissance Florentine bankers. "Domestic bankers," in the sense of "those doing banking business within Florence," is an elastic term, including as it does anyone from pawnbrokers to local deposit bankers to international merchant-bankers...

An important issue in understanding the retina is finding candidate functional roles for different cell pathways and the details of their anatomy and physiology. We consider various spatial properties of the three main cone == cone bipolar cell == on-beta ganglion cell pathways in the cat retina...

Traffic simulations are made more realistic by giving individual drivers intentions, i.e., an idea of where they want to go. One possible implementation of this idea is to give each driver an exact pre-computed path, that is, a sequence of roads this driver wants to follow. This paper shows, in...

Transcriptional regulation is subject to significant stochasticity due partly to the random waiting times among synthesis and degradation reactions involving a finite collection of transcripts. Additional stochasticity is attributable to the random transitions among the discrete operator states...

Just as the development of relativity theory and quantum mechanics have been the defining events of twentieth-century science, the burgeoning field of cognitive science is often trumpeted as being a glimpse into the future of the center of science in the coming century. In this paper, we examine...