treatment-specific counterfactual outcomes, possibly conditional on a subset of the baseline covariates. Marginal structural …-dependent effect modifiers. Specifically, a HA-MSM models the conditional distribution of treatment-specific counterfactual outcomes …

results for direct and indirect causal effects. They define an individual direct effect as the counterfactual effect of a … treated, and the population direct effect as the mean of these individual counterfactual direct effects. The identifiability … effect at a fixed level of the intermediate variable is independent of the no-treatment counterfactual intermediate variable …

, introduced by Robins, model the marginal distributions of treatment-specific counterfactual outcomes, possibly conditional on a … of treatment-specific counterfactual outcomes, conditional on the whole or a subset of the observed past up till a time …

interventions. Robins, Greenland and Pearl develop counterfactual definitions for two types of direct effects, natural and … effects. Building on their earlier work and that of others, this article provides an alternative counterfactual definition of …

interest is defined as the risk minimizer for a suitable loss function and candidate estimators are generated using a loss … minimizing, over subsets of variables (e.g., basis functions), the empirical risk of subset-specific estimators of the parameter …

, selection, and performance assessment with cross-validation. In this approach, the parameter of interest is defined as the risk …

-validation for estimator selection and minimizing over subsets of basis functions the empirical risk of the subset-specific estimator …/substitution/addition algorithm for minimizing over subsets of variables (e.g., basis functions) the empirical risk of subset-specific estimators of …

interest is defined as the risk minimizer for a suitable loss function and candidate estimators are generated using a loss … minimizing, over subsets of variables (e.g., basis functions), the empirical risk of subset-specific estimators of the parameter …

provides us with double robust locally efficient targeted maximum likelihood estimators of the causal relative risk and causal …

to eliminate confounding, the main potential benefit of matching in case-control studies is a gain in efficiency. Methods …