If two defendants share a joint and several liability and the first becomes insolvent, his unpaid liabilities are reallocated to the second. While the second defendant's assets may cover its share of liability, they may not cover the first defendant's share. Thus, the one defendant's insolvency...

The future course of old-age mortality is of great importance to public sector expenditures in countries where old-age programs account for large fractions of the public budget. This paper argues that the competitive market prices of mortality contingent claims, such as annuities and life...

Empirical researchers commonly invoke instrumental variable (IV) assumptions to identify treatment effects. This paper considers what can be learned under two specific violations of those assumptions: contaminated and corrupted data. Either of these violations prevents point identification, but...

Empirical researchers commonly use instrumental variable (IV) assumptions to identify treatment effects. However, the credibility of these assumptions are often questionable. This paper considers what can be learned when the assumptions necessary for point identification are violated in two...