There are so many versions of the gravity model in the international trade literature that their results on trade effects inevitably vary even for the same international blocs. This paper evaluates these alternative specifications, and compares the resulting trade effects. The results show that...

This paper develops a gravity model to explain different components of imports. It is shown that specific variables from competing trade theories affect each component differently: As economic sizes or relative factor endowments become similar, the volume of intra-industry imports, especially...

I examine the varying responses of countries to foreign trade and direct investment liberalization on spatial concentration of their economic activity by taking into consideration moderating factors such as their market size and level of economic development. I argue that liberalization...