The present paper sets out to aid in the development of "environmental load displacement" indicators. Developing the notion of the "environmental memory" of physical flows, we estimated embodied pollution in trade of 18 industrialized countries with a) the rest of the world and b) developing...

The present paper sets out to aid in the development of "environmental load displacement" indicators. Developing the notion of the "environmental memory" of physical flows, we estimated embodied pollution in trade of 18 industrialised countries with a) the rest of the world and b) developing...

The focus of this paper is to discuss and show the policy relevance of "environmental load displacement" adjustments to national aggregate (macroeconomic) indicators for taking account of openness to the rest of the world. A national economy is considered as a set of production and consumption...