In the years immediately prior to the financial crisis, the doctrine of an independent Fed had achieved broad and unquestioned acceptance, especially within the economics profession. Under cover of this doctrine the Fed deployed unconventional monetary policies to vastly expand its balance sheet...

Since May 2010 at the latest, the ECB has been criticized for financing government bonds – at least indirectly – and for tolerating to be put under pressure by the fiscal side. The ECB itself has justified its securities markets programme and, thus, its government bond purchases by the need...

This chapter utilizes the social fabric matrix approach (SFM-A) to provide a detailed description of the Federal Reserve's (Fed's) daily operations and the recent financial crisis. The SFM of the Fed's operations presents the primary components- major norms, institutions, technologies- relevant...

I construct a quarterly dataset on political pressure faced by 118 central banks from 2010 to 2018 using country-level reports. I code whether each central bank is reportedly succumbing to pressure, resisting pressure, or not facing pressure. About 10% of central banks reportedly face political...

This article assesses the effectiveness of a novel macroprudential tool – the reserve option mechanism (ROM) – which Turkey's central bank developed during the post-2008 period and has employed to control the risk associated with excessive capital flows. We assess how capital flows have...

This paper studies the efficiency of electronic money system by focusing on the decentralized setting of issuance. In the model competitive money issuers can create small denominated money (or e-money) backed by large denominated government bonds. Under the decentralized environment the issuers...

This paper discusses central bank digital currency (CBDC) and its potential impact on the monetary transmission mechanism. We first offer a general definition of CBDC which should make the concept accessible to a wide range of economists and policy practitioners. We then investigate how CBDC...

This paper sets out three models of central bank digital currency (CBDC) that differ in the sectors that have access to CBDC. It studies sectoral balance sheet dynamics at the point of an initial CBDC introduction, and of an attempted large-scale run out of bank deposits into CBDC. We find that...

Two different approaches to central banking in the aftermath of the crisis are contrasted. In the first one, labelled ‘New Normal', the monetary policy strategy is broadened to encompass such objectives as financial stability or full employment. Furthermore, the inflation target is raised and...

The present study is structured in two Chapters – the first containing three Sections and the second two – as follows:(a) Chapter One focuses on the European Central Bank (ECB) within the European System of Central Banks (ESCB):• the first two Sections (A and B) briefly discuss the...