Using 19th century state prison records, this study contrasts the biological standard of living of comparable US African-American and white females during a period of relatively rapid economic development. White females were consistently taller than black females by about 1.5 cm (0.6 in.)....

Much has been written about nineteenth-century African-American and white statures and body mass index values. However, less is known about their physical activity and calories required to sustain height and weight. This paper considers two alternative measures for biological conditions that...

Purpose – This study aims to consider the nineteenth century relationship between biological markers and employment. This relationship is also considered for different occupations and by race. Design/methodology/approach – Using a large source of nineteenth century Texas state prison...

Purpose – This study aims to consider the nineteenth century relationship between biological markers and employment. This relationship is also considered for different occupations and by race. Design/methodology/approach – Using a large source of nineteenth century Texas state prison...