This paper studies the sources of Spanish business cycles. It assumes that Spanish output is affected by two types of shocks. The first one has permanent long-run effects on output and it is identified as a supply shock. The second one has only transitory effects on output and it is identified...

Uncertainty is a complex and “multilayered” object of multidisciplinary research. However, such concepts as “fundamental uncertainty”, “ambiguity”, “probability” and “risk” are common and universal. For a long time in economic theory, the problem of uncertainty remained, as...

The Cobb-Douglas production function (the C-D function) is believed to have successfully validated and consolidated the marginal productivity theory of income distribution (MPTID) and the aggregate production function (APF). However, this paper discovers that this success is an illusion. It...

We develop an aggregate demand analysis of a small open economy based on all agents' dynamic optimization. Murota and Ono (2015) present a simple Keynesian cross analysis with dynamic optimization. This paper extends it to a small-country setting with two factors and two commodities, of which...

This book examines new classical macroeconomics from a comparative and critical point of view that confronts the original texts and later comments as a first dimension of comparison. The second dimension appears in a historical context, since none of the new classical doctrines can be analyzed...

This paper traces the evolution of the concept of the cyclically adjusted budget from the 1930s to the present. The idea of balancing the budget over the cycle was first conceived in Sweden in the 1930s by the economists of the Stockholm School and was soon reinterpreted and incorporated into...