Tests for unit roots in log dividend yields, which are consistent with ‘rational bubbles’ in stock prices, are conducted for the S&P500 and Finnish stock market indexes. In addition to the traditional unit root tests, we split the data into 10-year segments and use frequency domain analysis...

We ask the question: Does it matter whether expections on monetary policy are heterogeneous across agents in the economy? We tackle this issue with the aid of a dynamic general equilibrium model with nominal rigidities. The most important features of the model include consumption/saving...

This publication consists of eleven separate studies on payment and settlement systems conducted using simulation techniques. Most have been carried out using the payment and settlement system simulators BoF-PSS1 or BoF-PSS2 provided by the Bank of Finland and presented at the simulator seminars...

Statistical data sets often contain observations that differ markedly from the bulk of the data. These outlying observations, ‘outliers’, have given rise to notable risks for statistical analysis and inference. Unfortunately, many of the classical statistical methods, such as ordinary least...

This study discusses the effects of the Automated Teller Machine (ATM) network market structure on the availability of cash withdrawal ATM services and cash usage. The aim and novelty of the study is to construct the ATM equation. The study also contributes to the earlier discussion on the...

This study discusses the effects of financial intermediation, banks’ moral hazard and monitoring on monetary policy transmission in a simple model where borrowers are dependent on loans granted by banks with superior monitoring skills. As distinct from the prior literature on monetary policy...

The study analyses the effects on banking competition of the changes in banking delivery and information collection technologies and of the rivalry from outside the traditional banking sector. Key implications for monetary, regulatory and competition policies are also addressed. <p> Evidence is...</p>

Economic and Monetary Union (EMU) can be characterised as a complicated set of legislation and institutions governing monetary and fiscal responsibilities. The measures of fiscal responsibility are to be guided by the Stability and Growth Pact (SGP), which sets rules for fiscal policy and makes...

It is a commonly accepted fact that innovation is important for economic growth and that a well-designed patent system increases research and development investments. Patents are unfortunately a second best solution. While the benefits of the patent system are increased incentives to innovation,...

The main objective of the study is to evaluate the Finnish central government’s foreign borrowing between the years 1862 and 1938. Most of this period was characterised by deep capital market integration that bears resemblance to the liberal world financial order at the turn of the millennium....