This comment was filed with the Department of Justice Antitrust Division on December 31, 2009, as "Comments Regarding Agriculture and Antitrust Enforcement Issues in Our 21st Century Economy" in response to the DOJ/USDA request for public comments for the agencies' joint workshops on antitrust...

This paper introduces a novel method for examining the effects of vertical integration. The basic idea is to estimate the parameters of a vertical entry game. By carefully specifying firms' payoff equations and constructing appropriate tests, it is possible to use estimates on rival profit...

A number of theories postulate the influence of industry factors and various forms of organizational capital on the strategies and performance of small firms. This study is an empirical test of such assertion by examining how industry and firm-related factors as well as managerial attributes...

Some of the most recognizable companies, including Land O’Lakes, REI, the Associated Press, Ace Hardware, and State Farm Insurance, are organized as cooperatives – firms owned by their suppliers, workers, or customers. Yet aside from isolated areas of the economy, cooperatives constitute...

The industrial structure is constantly evolving due to supply-side factors such as technological advancement, the labor force, capital accumulation, and international competition as well as demand-side factors such as changes in consumer needs due to increased income levels, and industrial...

The present work examines the evolutionary theories set forth by Armen Alchian in his 1950 paper, Uncertainty, Evolution and Economic Theory; and furthered by Geoffrey Manne and Todd Zywicki in their recent paper titled Uncertainty, Evolution, and Behavioral Economic Theory. Alchian’s thesis...

Economies of scale is a widely discussed concept. In this paper, we discuss a differentiated analytical process for evaluating cases when economies of scale leads to competitive advantages that are sustainable. Through the example of Shoprite Holdings, we present an analytical process for...

Based on the publicly available information on the data sources and methodology used by the Census Bureau to estimate e-commerce and physical retail sales, and based on detailed e-mail communications with the Census official responsible for the retail trade data, we found, in a version of this...

The administrative state is leveraging algorithms to influence individuals' private decisions. Agencies have begun to write rules to shape for-profit websites such as Expedia and have launched their own online tools such as the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau's mortgage calculator. These...