The empirical evidence on trade reforms suggests that these have a surprisingly small impact on the country …'s industrial configuration. This industrial structure inertia is difficult to rationalize in standard trade models. This paper … to study the consequences of different types of trade reforms (e.g. permanent, temporary, gradual, pre-announced) on …

The empirical evidence on trade reforms suggests that these have a surprisingly small impact on the country …'s industrial configuration. This industrial structure inertia is difficult to rationalize in standard trade models. This paper … to study the consequences of different types of trade reforms (e.g. permanent, temporary, gradual, pre-announced) on …

The empirical evidence on trade reforms suggests that these have a surprisingly small impact on the country …'s industrial configuration. This industrial structure inertia is difficult to rationalize in standard trade models. This paper … to study the consequences of different types of trade reforms (e.g. permanent, temporary, gradual, pre-announced) on …

External liberalization-the relaxation of restrictions on cross-border trade and inbound direct investment-has played …-industry variation in patterns of foreign presence and, for a given level of foreign presence, whether this will occur via trade or …

This paper argues that openness to goods trade in combination with an unequal distribution of political power has been … provision of schooling are typically lower in an open than in a closed economy. Moreover, we find that, under openness to trade …, development is faster in a democratic system. We also endogenize the trade regime and demonstrate that, in political equilibrium …