expenditures on tradables and non-tradables, trade openness and real interest differentials. On the basis of these fundamentals … misalignment appears to be small as well. The paper also discusses the implications of these findings with regard to trade …

just the World Trade Organization but other multilateral institutions as well; and (5) despite shifts in economic power …

trade liberalisation. This paper uses the South African Revenue Service (SARS) and National Treasury (NT) firm-level panel … to assess the response of South African firms to trade policy changes and demand shocks in destination markets between … firm level. Also, trade liberalisation policies in the destination country positively affect the number of exported goods …

In the pre-reforms period the trade policy in Latin America had involved very high levels of protection and government … intervention. The recent trade liberalization policies of the Latin American countries have sought to reverse the protectionist … paper discusses the impact of trade openness policy on tariff structure, export competitiveness, inflation and economic …

Since 1981, the United States has managed a trade deficit that has become more negative with each passing year. Yet …, this article investigates the causal relationship between the trade balance of the United States and its gross domestic … product using a Johansen VECM model. The author analyzes trade balance between the United States and each NAFTA country and …

demand in international trade. It was found that the income elasticities of demand are variable and are found to be affected … by industrial and trade policy. It is concluded that the supply (Krugman) and demand (Thirlwall) approaches are …

trade. Organisations that monitor international macro-economic development have identified growing protectionism – not least … the increase in non-tariff barriers to trade, such as local regulations or subsidies – as a potential cause of the weaker … growth in global trade. Non-tariff barriers to trade are a significant element of countries’ trade policies and may often be …

development increases energy usage's role in causing pollution while attenuating the detrimental impacts of economic growth, trade … requirement for the basis of the pollution haven hypothesis (PHH), which we examine using trade openness and foreign direct …