We consider circuits and expressions whose gates carry out multiplication in a non-associative algebra such as a quasigroup or loop. We define a class we call the polyabelian algebras, formed by iterated quasidirect products of Abelian groups. We show that a quasigroup can express arbitrary...

We develop a probability based model that suggests a novel explanation for the enormous diversity of the lymphocyte repertoire in the immune system. Taking into account the fraction of the repertoire that is expected to be rendered tolerant because of potential self reactivity, we calculate...

In this memo, I model the domestic banking business of Renaissance Florentine bankers. "Domestic bankers," in the sense of "those doing banking business within Florence," is an elastic term, including as it does anyone from pawnbrokers to local deposit bankers to international merchant-bankers...

An important issue in understanding the retina is finding candidate functional roles for different cell pathways and the details of their anatomy and physiology. We consider various spatial properties of the three main cone == cone bipolar cell == on-beta ganglion cell pathways in the cat retina...

Traffic simulations are made more realistic by giving individual drivers intentions, i.e., an idea of where they want to go. One possible implementation of this idea is to give each driver an exact pre-computed path, that is, a sequence of roads this driver wants to follow. This paper shows, in...

Transcriptional regulation is subject to significant stochasticity due partly to the random waiting times among synthesis and degradation reactions involving a finite collection of transcripts. Additional stochasticity is attributable to the random transitions among the discrete operator states...

Just as the development of relativity theory and quantum mechanics have been the defining events of twentieth-century science, the burgeoning field of cognitive science is often trumpeted as being a glimpse into the future of the center of science in the coming century. In this paper, we examine...

We define a case of recursive functions on the reals analogous to the classical recursive functions on the natural numbers, corresponding to a conceptual analog computer that operates in continuous time. This class turns out to be surprisingly large, and includes many functions which are...

Recombination, including chromosomal segregation, shuffles together the genetic material carried by different members of a sexual species. This genetic mixing unties the evolutionary fate of alles at one locus from the fate of alleles at neighboring loci and can increase the amount of genetic...

Large scale gene perturbation experiments generate information about the number of genes whose activity is directly or indirectly affected by a gene perturbation. From this information, one can numerically estimate coarse structural network features such as the total number of direct regulatory...