is a progression from u sing tariffs only to quotas, and to antidumping constraints (when quotas are jointly eliminated …This paper shows that governments have no incentive to introduce non-tariff barriers when they are free to set tariffs … but they do when tariffs are determined cooperatively. We then show three results. First, with trade liberalization, there …

tariffs, quotas, and domestic taxes and subsidies. We relate this volume-equivalent index to the Trade Restrictiveness Index … such measures as arithmetic or trade-weighted average tariffs, Non-Tariff Barrier (NTB) coverage ratios and measures of …