producers from unfair trade practices, they have sometimes been used as weapons of protectionism even when dumping has not …

politically organized sectors with specific regard to trade policy. Second, we utilize two alternative measures of trade … protection (ad-valorem equivalent of non-tariff barriers and overall restrictiveness) and adopt industrial and trade data at a …

This paper explains why trade liberalizations occur in developing countries, and why they are often reversed. It does … quality upgrades to keep up with foreign competitors. Given the availability of a political market for import tariffs … lobbying effort over time, and on their implications for the timing and the time horizon of trade reforms in developing …

economy model of trade protection. We associate the sectors of a specific factors model with electoral districts populated by … representatives then sets tariffs that are strictly positive. Introducing additional policy instruments reveals a trade-off between …

This chapter surveys research on the demand for protectionism as well as theoretical and empirical work on the (i …

We study the influence of trade exposed producer lobby groups on national climate policies and the formation of a … emissions from commodity production with carbon taxes. The commodity is traded on a perfectly competitive international market …

We analyze the impact of a rise in protectionism on environmental regulation. Using the 2018 US-China trade war as a … economic consequences of the trade war, while their mayors have a relatively larger probability of promotion. This paper …

The combination of populism and protectionism emerged primarily from social class cleavages during the 20th century, to … when populists shape voters’ preferences over protectionism using elite cues. Cues generate voter polarization by …