This paper evaluates the role of tariffs in the overall trade barriers faced by Mediterranean countries that export fruit and vegetables to the European Union (EU), using a gravity model. With an annual specification, we measure the border effect faced by the Mediterranean countries on entering...

The impact of various policy instruments on the production of environmental goods that are complementary to or competing with agricultural commodities is analysed in the light of the uncertainty in output prices and farmers` risk aversion. Some theoretical assessments are first summarised and...