We investigate how exchange-rate uncertainty affects the foreign direct investment decision of a risk-neutral multinational firm (MNF). We assume the firm can open plants, each with decreasing average costs, in two different countries. Under certainty, the MNF would open only one plant. We...

When some input decisions can be made after price is realized, separation between production and hedging decisions still holds only under limited circumstances. Under the assumption of a restricted profit function that is quadratic in price, the optimal futures hedge of a risk-averse firm equals...

The optimal tariff for a large country equals the reciprocal of the foreign export elasticity of supply. However, if prod uction decisions occur before consumption decisions, the ex ante opti mal tariff is not time consistent because the ex post elasticity is l ess than the ex ante elasticity....