The Chinese economy has undergone three major phases: the 1978-97 period marked as the SOE-led economy, the 1998-2015 phase as the investment-driven economy, and the new normal economy since 2016. All three economies have been shaped by the government financial policies, defined as a set of...

This paper discusses the transition agenda and provides the key economic characteristics of selected Middle East and North Africa countries (MENA) in comparison with selected Central, East and Southeast European countries (CESEE). We intend to identify some regularities in transition processes...

The present paper intends to establish a reciprocity relationship between the modernization and development level of the rural space, as main modernization-development point of the rural household. On the basis of the interdependence relation between rural area modernization and development, the...

The decision of African leaders on the creation of an African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA) in 2018 was not merely a political decision with economic implications. It has significant and complex ethical dimensions too. This, not only concerning a possible trade-off between economic growth...

There has recently been a rapid growth in international literature and research on the links between economic growth and social capability and their impact upon well-being. This paper draws on that literature to build upon previous Treasury work at the intersection of economic and social policy....

There are three steps New Zealand can take to make its bilateral development assistance more effective in reducing poverty. These steps are ‘easy' because they are unilateral: they improve the effectiveness of development assistance without requiring changes in the politics or policies of...

Faced with the extremely heterogeneous reality of small businesses and aware of the different criteria and legal structure, existing in Brazil, to its classification and framework, this paper aims to highlight the need to establish a set of articulated objectives, the target audience and the...

This study aims to investigate the relations between the level of the real exchange rate, foreign savings and domestic savings in Brazil. The appreciation of the domestic currency caused by financing the current account deficit reduces the expected profit rate in the tradable goods industry,...

International election observation has become a valuable means of supporting African democratic polity. Notably, EU observer missions adopting a professional approach are meant to shield against political pressures from partisan stakeholder interests. However, this growing professionalism did...

Flucht und Migration aus den Ländern der Dritten Welt haben in den letzten Jahrzehnten ein vorher nie gekanntes Ausmaß angenommen und sie werden zukünftig voraussichtlich noch alles bisher Dagewesene übertreffen. Afrika ist von diesen Wanderungsbewegungen besonders stark betroffen. Obwohl...