era when the ‘draperies’ or cloth industries of the late-medieval Low Countries and England had become increasingly … cloth industries during the 14th and 15th centuries. In brief, the spreading stain of widespread warfare, piracy, and … transaction costs that, in turn, had three major consequences for the Low Countries’ and England’s textile-based economies: (1) to …

from the Antwerp Fairs to Venice was only about 20% of the distance by the often hazardous sea routes. The principal … free from warfare, principally via the Rhine, then with the restoration of relative peace after the end of the Hundred … with them a series of newer continental-trade based fairs (Antwerp, Frankfurt, Geneva, Lyons). During the later 15th and 16 …

, via new transcontinental trading routes from Venice through Germany to the Brabant Fairs, based on a tripod of English … international warfare from the 1290s, significantly financed by coinage debasements; and together they provided serious barriers to … factor in the revival and expansion of the European economy in general and the growth of the Antwerp market in particular …

, via new transcontinental trading routes from Venice through Germany to the Brabant Fairs, based on a tripod of English … international warfare from the 1290s, significantly financed by coinage debasements; and together they provided serious barriers to … factor in the revival and expansion of the European economy in general and the growth of the Antwerp market in particular …

of annuities or rentes, and bills of exchange, is generally thought to have originated in eighteenth century England; but … warfare from the 1280s, were the nationalistic bullionist philosophies and related monetary-fiscal policies (to finance … warfare) that together hindered the international flow of specie in later medieval Europe. For public borrowing, one must …

to produce better quality wools in sufficient quantities for export (first to Italy). Before the introduction of merinos …, when they were superseded by the sayetteries, after international market conditions had once more favoured long …

closely connected crises. The first crisis was the consequence, direct and indirect, of the ravages of warfare and falling … for Florence: for its luxury woollens industry soon became late-medieval Italy's single most important export …

centuries, in competition with their major northern rivals, in the Low Countries and England, who fought for market dominance … were the direct and indirect result of a spreading stain of international warfare, especially injurious to overland trade … based on the price that woollen-cloth producers in both the Low Countries and Italy had to pay in that luxury re …

This study analyses the impact of Protestantism on interest rates in England from the 16th century to the Industrial … Netherlands permitting interest payments up to 12%, but only for commercial loans. In England, Henry VIII's Parliament of 1545 … the implicit interest. Evidence for the Low Countries and England demonstrates that discounting, with legal transfers …