"In 2007, a so-called credit crisis began. This crisis eventually became more severe and long-lasting than could have ever been anticipated. One result of the "global financial crisis" was a clear realisation that banks needed to be subject to much stricter regulation and conservative...

I study a contracting innovation that suddenly insulated traders of hedging contracts against counterparty risk: central clearing counterparties (CCPs) for derivatives. The first CCP was created in Le Havre (France) in 1882, in the coffee futures market. Using triple difference-in-differences...

The financialization view is that increased trading in commodity futures markets is associated with increases in the growth rate and volatility of commodity spot prices. This view gained credence because in the 2000s trading volume increased sharply and many commodity prices rose and became more...