The European experience with the creation of the single Market and the Maastricht Treaty has shown that political pragmatism and the adoption of transparent rules, especially in budget decisions, are means to reduce the structural gap between countries. However, the enlargement to new member...

This paper analyses investment decisions under uncertainty with noisy information. We provide closed-form solutions for the value of the investment policy and the optimal investment threshold. We show that when the information about the decision variable is noisy, the real option values...