import compression. It is also found that export performance could have been far better if Indonesia did not suffer from …

and joint ventures trade more and import more products from more source countries, but export fewer products to fewer … international trade and the importance of foreign ownership for firms’ export and import decisions …

via which importing more varieties of intermediate inputs increases export scope: (i) imported inputs may enhance … productivity and thereby help the firm to overcome export fixed costs (the indirect productivity channel); (ii) low-priced imported … inputs may boost expected export revenue (the direct-cost channel); and (iii) importing intermediate inputs may reduce export …