Shortcomings of transport network technologies were the main driver behind strong efforts of standardization …

In many statistical analysis methods, standardization of the sample data is usually recommended to prevent the results … from being strongly affected by the scale of measurement of the variables. This paper focuses on the standardization of … first. We then proposed the standardization method of interval symbolic data and conducted a simulation study to evaluate …

This paper studies an under-explored phenomenon: standardization arising during the technology development stage from …

production requires skilled workers. Innovation is followed by a costly process of standardization, whereby these new goods are … adapted to be produced using unskilled labor. Our framework highlights a number of novel results. First, standardization is … standardization rate (and of competition). Second, we characterize the growth and welfare maximizing speed of standardization. We show …

departures from the norm and from standard approaches. Indeed, standardization is often seen as an impediment to innovation … article points to the need to consider a range of different dimensions in the relationship between standardization and …