developing a new methodology to separate firms' credit shocks from loan supply shocks, using a vast sample of matched bank …-firm lending data. We decompose loan movements in Japan for the period 1990 to 2010 into bank, firm, industry, and common shocks … economy, which creates a role for granular shocks, as in Gabaix (2011). As a result, idiosyncratic bank shocks - movements in …

We build a model of investment and financing decisions to study the choice between bonds and bank loans in a firm …

are more likely to enter foreign markets by means of foreign direct investment. We combine detailed proprietary bank …-level data on the international activities of all German banks with publicly available bank micro data from possible destination …

the rest must resort to standard bank finance. We consider a number of policies to promote entrepreneurship and venture …