factors constrain access to safe drinking water and proper sanitation in India for both the urban and rural poor, and that … their own water and sanitation schemes, not just in rural areas but in urban ones as well. There are definite advantages to …

In this paper we analyze if an 'urban mortality penalty' exists for today's developing countries, repeating the history …-Saharan African countries for differences in child and adult mortality between rural and urban areas. Our findings indicate that child … and 'only' 10.8 percent in urban areas. In contrast, average urban adult mortality rates (on average 14.5 percent) have …

The proper operationalization of urban and rural is extremely important to our understanding of the impacts of specific … operational approaches to identifying urban and rural communities in that it allows for the examination of both without the … substantively holds meaning in conceptualizing rural and urban ecological context. …

The study addresses an improved understanding on the vulnerability of the people living in urban slums and objects to … urban health especially for better for the people living in urban slums …

and both have great disparities in terms of sanitation access, particularly in rural-urban terms. Sanitation development …

manufacturing industry in Russia. A settlement is counted as part of an urban agglomeration in two cases: that of a large, central … employ a multilevel model, which allows us to consider firm, urban and regional heterogeneity and test two possible … explanations of the productivity advantages of firms in urban agglomerations ? own-sector and all economic activity concentration …