trades, and convincing explanations of the persistence of the Indo-Central Asian trade (for example) despite the growing Indo …-European trade from the seventeenth-century. The customs-union model usefully approximates this trading-situation (i.e. the Europeans … the possibility for trade-creation (i.e. due to substitution between otherwise regionally-specialised production …

for its 22 major regions. The paper argues that regional income differentials were significantly larger, that intra …

importance of national and local developments for thearea’s economy.[...] …