Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to consider the impact on bank risk of portfolio diversification between traditional margin income and fee-based income for banks operating in Australia. Design/methodology/approach – Considering several performance variables, this analysis compares the...

This paper integrates the defensive expansion hypothesis in multinational banking with the internalisation approach to the multinational enterprise. This framework is then used to structure a review of the literature to date regarding the proposition that multinational banks follow their clients...