We propose a formulation to construct new classes of financial price processes based on the insight that the key variable driving prices P is the earning-over-price ratio γ ≃ 1/ P, which we refer to as the earning yield and is analogous to the yield-to-maturity of an equivalent perpetual...

We report on the scaling up of a high school content literacy intervention, Reading Apprenticeship, over a period of four years as part of the independent evaluation of an Investing in Innovation grant from the U.S. Department of Education to WestEd’s Strategic Literacy Institute (SLI). The...

This paper reports findings from a multi-year study of the scale-up of Reading Apprenticeship (RA), an approach to improve academic literacy by helping teachers provide the support students need to be successful readers in the content areas. WestEd’s Strategic Literacy Initiative (SLI), began...

Background: Prior research has examined design parameters for assessing average program impacts on achievement outcomes with cluster randomized trials (CRTs). Little is known about parameters for assessing differential impacts for student subgroups. Objectives: This article develops the...

N 2 O, as an energy gas, is of increasing interest for its recovery from wastewater treatment. Acidic pH is one of the important factors affecting N 2 O accumulation during denitrification, but the mechanism still needs further clarification. In this study, the production efficiency of N 2 O...

Healthcare in the United States is the most expensive in the world, with real per capita spending growth averaging 4 percent since 1980. This paper examines the role of market power of U.S. healthcare providers and pharmaceutical companies. It finds that markups (the ability to charge prices...