Financial data drawn from Marks and Spencer's archives and annual reports is used to identify five phases in the Company' sales growth. Early, rather erratic, growth, often through acquisition, gave way to a second phase of store development funded by the Company's floatation in the 1920s. Sales...

The objectives of branding and marketing in the public sector can differ in nature from those in the private sector, to include an improved responsiveness to public needs, rather than an increase in customer numbers. In addition, the customer orientation (a disposition that will influence brand...

Even in a relatively routine international transaction fifteen or more separate parties can be involved. Information has to be supplied at the right time for up to fifty commercial and official procedures. This information is normally exchanged using paper documentation.

A retailer's selling space is one of its more important assets. While there are a number of approaches that can be adopted to define the space that is allocated to both products and customers inside the store, it is argued that few approach the problem of space allocation from the point of view...

Traditionally, research into supply chain management has focused on increasing the availability of products and reducing the cost of doing so by concentrating on coordination between supply chain members. Significant improvements have been made in improving the effectiveness and efficiency of...

Purpose – This paper aims to test one of the symbolic influences of the employee on brand associations and by doing so demonstrate why the stereotyping of employees should be added to the research agenda for corporate branding. Design/methodology/approach – The research is a quantitative...

The current paradigm of time in the marketing literature is one where time is linear, quantifiable and predominantly chronological in nature. This is merely one construct of one aspect of time and a construct that is largely specific to a western, industrialized society. The associated theory of...

Purpose This paper aims to identify a typology of corporate misconduct affecting trust; to test the relative ability of individual misconducts to reduce trust and; to explain differences in how individuals respond to corporate crises. Design/methodology/approach The main research design uses...

Exporters are encouraged to “sell delivered”. An analysis of survey data on the terms of delivery on exports and imports used by French, German and British companies is presented. It is concluded that many firms prefer non‐delivered terms. The effects of changing to delivered terms are...