Static theories of firms often fail to explain the tendency toward standardization and de facto monopolization by software and digital product firms. This article examines arguments favored by new economics of information: no market power, increasing returns, and network effects. We evaluate...

This paper provides a theory of rationing where rationing functions as an effective mechanism for second degree price discrimination by a monopoly seller. When a seller charges multiple prices on homogenous products to all consumers, supply at the lowest price is limited and rationed among...