Axelord’s [(1970), Conflict of Interest, Markham Publishers, Chicago] index of conflict in 2 ×  2 games with two pure strategy equilibria has the property that a reduction in the cost of holding out corresponds to an increase in conflict. This article takes the opposite view, arguing that...

The paper considers strategic defense and attack of a system which can be separated into independent identical homogeneous parallel elements. The defender distributes its resource between separation of the elements and their protection from outside attacks. The attacker distributes its effort...

The article proposes Erection, Adjustment, and Death mechanisms for governmental units, giving autonomy to each citizen as in a direct democracy. Rather than focusing on a narrow model with restrictive and specialized assumptions, and subsequent solutions, as has been common in the literature,...

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In Hirshleifer's (1995) model for unitary actors, combined fighting/production abruptly breaks down when inter-group decisiveness of fighting is above a certain value (above one) or income requirements are not met. Accounting for the collective action problem, this article gives the opposite...