Variable fees at the graduate and undergraduate levels are a topic of discussion in the US and in the EU as part of a larger movement towards increasing the role of fees in the funding of public universities. This essay describes this relatively new shift and its causes, outlines various funding...

As part of a larger effort to fund public universities, variable fees at the graduate and undergraduate levels are a topic of discussion in the United States and increasingly throughout the European Union. This essay describes the relatively new shift to have students pay for a significant...

The impacts of market-related policies and revenues on higher education are not uniform but globalisation has opened most institutions to new pressures. The public funding models developed 50 years ago underestimated the full cost of mass higher education as an entitlement while the sheer scale...

Dans le cadre d’un effort plus vaste visant à financer les universités publiques, l’instauration de droits de scolarité variables aux niveaux post-licence et pré-licence fait débat aux États-Unis et, de plus en plus, dans toute l’Union européenne. Le présent article décrit la...

Si les impacts sur l’enseignement supérieur des politiques et des revenus liés au marché ne sont pas uniformes, la mondialisation a toutefois exposé la plupart des établissements à de nouvelles pressions. Les modèles de financement public élaborés il y a 50 ans ont sous-estimé le...

A reliable public electricity supply depends in part on a reliable electricity grid system to transmit and distribute electrical power from generating stations to consumers. The grid system comprises many components that are exposed to the weather and can experience faults as a result of weather...