This paper compares results obtained from three empirical models of airport congestion pricing. Morrison (1983) and Morrison and Winston (1989) implement standard peak-load pricing models using econometrically estimated demand and delay functions. Vickrey (1969) and Arnott, et al. (1991, 1993)...

We calculate mutual-best-response route networks for profit maximizing airlines serving large US air-traffic-hub cities. A simulated annealing algorithm determines which of over ten thousand potential routes receive direct or hub-and-spoke service. DOT’s Origin and Destination Survey is used...