Numerical simulations of gas-solid flows, heat transfer and gas-particle combustion have been conducted for a three-dimensional, W-shaped boiler furnace. The gas-particle flow, distributions of temperature and concentrations of gaseous constituents, distributions of the rates of heat release,...

Soil-crop simulation models can be a valuable tool in evaluating conservation tillage practices which are viable both economically and environmentally. The objective of this study was to evaluate the ability of the DSSAT (Decision Support Systems for Agro-technology Transfer) Cropping System...

This paper concerns coordination of enterprise decisions such as suppliers and components selection, pricing and inventory in a multi-level supply chain composed of multiple suppliers, a single manufacturer and multiple retailers. The problem is modeled as a three-level dynamic non-cooperative...

While centralized supply chain configuration (SCC) adopts an integrated decision model solved by an all-in-one decision method, decentralized SCC normally allows constituent enterprises to employ distributed decision models which are coordinated through a decomposition method to achieve an...

This paper presents a make-or-buy (M–B) model in which a firm (say Firm 1) may produce in-house, or outsource a product to the unique vendor, the monopolist in the outsourcing market. Demand for the finished product is stochastic and price-sensitive, and Firm 1's information forecast about the...