This article explores how the proportion of franchised outlets in franchise systems influences two performance outcomes of these systems: the growth in sales per outlet and the proportion of outlets discontinued. It was found that franchise systems whose proportions of franchised outlets are...

What variables influence the adoption of passive ownership restrictions in franchise systems and what are the effects of these restrictions on the rate of franchisee failure of such systems? This article shows how standard performance models that do not account for self-selection of these...

This article explores the determinants of two crucial decisions in franchising relations: the contract length and the franchisers' propensity to allow franchisees to own several stores. The results show that franchisers alleviate franchisees' fears of hold-up by providing them with longer...

This article provides evidence on the determinants of the intensity in the use of three control types employed in franchise relationships: outcome-, behavior- and social-based control systems. This is accomplished by the integration and testing of two approaches, the agency and organizational...

The aim of this article is to examine what factors underlie the choice of organisational form when franchisors add new franchised units to their networks. Franchisors may grant new units to existing franchisees (multi-unit franchising (MUF)) or to new franchisees (single-unit franchising). We...