This study aims to investigate the liability of foreignness, or the additional difficulties of foreign companies compared to their local competitors. Past studies have found fair amount of empirical evidences for the liability of foreignness. The present study attempts to take one step further...

This study analyzes how market barriers and firm capabilities affect multinationals' choice of joint ventures versus wholly-owned subsidiaries abroad. In the study, we compile a vector of variables that distinguish between industry-specific barriers and firm-specific capabilities to analyze...

This paper discusses some of the recent theories of why countries impose countertrade obligations and compares some of the implications of these theories with data obtained from a comprehensive database of countertrade transactions.© 1990 JIBS. Journal of International Business Studies (1990)...

This paper looks at the historical record of early foreign direct investment in Malaysian tin mining and draws its implications for the theory of the MNE.© 1986 JIBS. Journal of International Business Studies (1986) 17, 131–143