Proof-of-concept projects have demonstrated that used electric vehicle batteries (EVBs), after their removal from electric vehicles due to insufficient performance, can be repurposed for less demanding applications. It is expected that numerous batteries will be available for repurposing in the...

[Introduction ...] The remainder of this article summarises existing concepts for digital cities, towns, and villages and critically reflects the scope of these concepts (section 2). Section 3 presents selected facets of current research in the area of smart cities and highlights research gaps...