The extent to which ethnic discrimination affected the employment opportunities of immigrants at the turn of the century is a topic of continuing interest to economic historians. While some studies find that immigrants did experience occupational crowding, the evidence regarding the general...

Using data from the May 1975 to 1981 Current Population Surveys, the authors examine the impact of international competition on union and nonunion wages. Two findings emerge from the study. First, international competition, measured by import share, was a significant determinant of union and...