This article seeks empirical evidence of how the Finnish electricity distribution companies have responded to regulatory incentives in the rate of return regulation. The effects of regulation on company behaviour were studied by a questionnaire and interview survey. After more than ten years of...

Purpose – Under the Kyoto protocol, emissions trading was imposed upon the Nordic Nord Pool Spot market in 2005. The purpose of this paper is to identify and characterize an important side‐effect of emissions trading on electricity spot market price behavior by statistically comparing price...