This article takes issue with conventional explanations of state preference formation on European integration. It tests the hypothesis that Left-Right ideology is a better predictor than nationality of party views on integration, then tests the relationship between government ideology and...

Europeanization is an example of initial bargains between states leading to ongoing political adjustment within the states. In this article I apply the concept to NAFTA and look at two of its member states, finding that despite the low level of institutionalization, NAFTA has set in motion new...

The question of who is responsible for integrative outcomes has bedevilled scholars since the creation of the European Coal and Steel Community in 1952. Theories of integration from international relations focus on the influence of the state, and how that may be eroded by non-governmental and...